Papers with supervised baselines
MultiMUC: Multilingual Template Filling on MUC-4 (2024.eacl-long)
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William Gantt, Shabnam Behzad, Hannah An, Yunmo Chen, Aaron White, Benjamin Van Durme, Mahsa Yarmohammadi
| Challenge: | We present multilingual parallel template filling datasets for MUCs . systems were required to extract one template per incident, containing details about perpetrators, victims, weapons used . |
| Approach: | They introduce MultiMUC, the first multilingual parallel corpus for template filling . they obtain automatic translations from a strong multilingual machine translation system . |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset includes translations of the classic MUC-4 template filling benchmark into Arabic, Chinese, Farsi, Korean, and Russian. |
Transfer Knowledge from Natural Language to Electrocardiography: Can We Detect Cardiovascular Disease Through Language Models? (2023.findings-eacl)
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Jielin Qiu, William Han, Jiacheng Zhu, Mengdi Xu, Michael Rosenberg, Emerson Liu, Douglas Weber, Ding Zhao
| Challenge: | Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown powerful ability in various downstream applications. |
| Approach: | They propose an approach for cardiovascular disease diagnosis and automatic ECG diagnosis report generation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach generates high-quality cardiac diagnosis reports and achieves competitive zero-shot classification performance even compared with supervised baselines. |
AutoCVSS: Assessing the Performance of LLMs for Automated Software Vulnerability Scoring (2025.emnlp-industry)
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| Challenge: | Increasing number of daily disclosed software vulnerabilities imposes significant pressure on security analysts, extending the time between disclosure and exploitation. |
| Approach: | They propose to use Large Language Models to automate vulnerability risk score prediction using the industrial CVSS standard. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model complements baselines in data-scarce settings without annotated data, highlighting their value in improving vulnerability management. |
Aligning Paralinguistic Understanding and Generation in Speech LLMs via Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning (2026.eacl-industry)
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Minseok Kim, Jingxiang Chen, Seong-Gyun Leem, Yin Huang, Rashi Rungta, Zhicheng Ouyang, Haibin Wu, Surya Teja Appini, Ankur Bansal, Yang Bai, Yue Liu, Florian Metze, Ahmed A Aly, Anuj Kumar, Ariya Rastrow, Zhaojiang Lin
| Challenge: | Using paralinguistic cues is challenging for speech large language models, authors say . limited training data, annotation difficulty, and models exploiting lexical shortcuts are challenges . a recent study shows that modeling paralinguistic reasoning with multitask RL improves paralinguistics understanding . |
| Approach: | They propose multi-task reinforcement learning with chain-of-thought prompting that elicits explicit affective reasoning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves paralinguistics understanding over baselines and strong proprietary models by 8-12% on Expresso, IEMOCAP, and RAVDESS. |
VaseVQA: Multimodal Agent and Benchmark for Ancient Greek Pottery (2026.findings-eacl)
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Jinchao Ge, Tengfei Cheng, Biao Wu, Zeyu Zhang, Shiya Huang, Judith Bishop, Gillian Shepherd, Meng Fang, Ling Chen, Yang Zhao
| Challenge: | MLLMs that use domain-specific data are limited in understanding cultural heritage artifacts such as ancient Greek pottery . supervised fine-tuning improves adaptation to domain knowledge, but it struggles with deeper reasoning tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a visual question-answer tool that augments SFT with reinforcement learning using verifiable rewards. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baseline models on reasoning-intensive questions on ancient Greek pottery. |
Harnessing Multilinguality in Unsupervised Machine Translation for Rare Languages (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Unsupervised translation systems have impressive performance on resource-rich language pairs . however, in more realistic settings, unsupervised systems perform poorly . |
| Approach: | They propose a model for 5 low-resource languages that leverages monolingual and auxiliary parallel data from other high-resourced languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models on low-resource languages . it also matches the current state- of-the art model for Nepali-English . |
Large Language Models are Effective Text Rankers with Pairwise Ranking Prompting (2024.findings-naacl)
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Zhen Qin, Rolf Jagerman, Kai Hui, Honglei Zhuang, Junru Wu, Le Yan, Jiaming Shen, Tianqi Liu, Jialu Liu, Donald Metzler, Xuanhui Wang, Michael Bendersky
| Challenge: | Existing methods to rank documents using large language models do not understand these challenging ranking formulations. |
| Approach: | They propose to use Pairwise Ranking Prompting to improve ranking performance . they propose to outperform fine-tuned baseline rankers on benchmark datasets . |
| Outcome: | The proposed technique outperforms supervised baselines on benchmark datasets and outperformed other LLM-based solutions by over 10% on average. |
Reflective Decoding: Beyond Unidirectional Generation with Off-the-Shelf Language Models (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for generating text are unsupervised and require supervision. |
| Approach: | They propose an unsupervised method that uses two off-the-shelf pretrained LMs in opposite directions to apply them to non-sequential tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms strong unsupervised baselines on paraphrasing and abductive text infilling. |
Domain-matched Pre-training Tasks for Dense Retrieval (2022.findings-naacl)
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Barlas Oguz, Kushal Lakhotia, Anchit Gupta, Patrick Lewis, Vladimir Karpukhin, Aleksandra Piktus, Xilun Chen, Sebastian Riedel, Scott Yih, Sonal Gupta, Yashar Mehdad
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to improve performance of pre-training tasks are needed. |
| Approach: | They propose to pre-train large bi-encoder models on a recently released set of 65 millionsynthetically generated questions and 200 million post-comment pairs from a preexisting reddit conversation dataset. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be pre-trained on a set of 65 millionsynthetically generated questions and 200 million post-comment pairs from a preexisting dataset of Reddit conversations. |
“Wikily” Supervised Neural Translation Tailored to Cross-Lingual Tasks (2021.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Unsupervised neural machine translation models perform well in low-resource or distant languages. |
| Approach: | They propose a model that leverages Wikipedia for machine translation and cross-lingual tasks without supervision from external parallel data or supervised models in target language. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms supervised models in Arabic and English translation tasks. |
Learning Unsupervised Multilingual Word Embeddings with Incremental Multilingual Hubs (N19-1)
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| Challenge: | Recent research has found that a shared bilingual word embedding space can be induced by projecting monolingual word embeds from two languages without any bilingual supervision. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for learning unsupervised multilingual word embeddings that mitigates instability issues for distant language pairs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on two downstream tasks outperforming even supervised baselines. |
Simple and Effective Unsupervised Redundancy Elimination to Compress Dense Vectors for Passage Retrieval (2021.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Dense passage retrieval improves ranking accuracy in open-domain question answering but at the cost of large space and memory requirements. |
| Approach: | They propose a simple unsupervised pipeline that includes principal component analysis (PCA), product quantization, and hybrid search to improve space efficiency. |
| Outcome: | The proposed pipeline achieves good accuracy–space trade-offs, for example, 48 compression with less than 3% drop in top-100 retrieval accuracy on average or 96 compression without drop in space requirements. |
Keep It Simple: Unsupervised Simplification of Multi-Paragraph Text (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | a novel approach to text simplification learns to balance a reward across three properties: fluency, salience and simplicity. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel algorithm to optimize the reward which proposes several candidate simplifications and a realistic text comprehension task as an evaluation method for text simplification. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms strong supervised baselines on the English news domain and can help people complete a comprehension task an average of 18% faster while retaining accuracy. |
GEAR: A Simple GENERATE, EMBED, AVERAGE AND RANK Approach for Unsupervised Reverse Dictionary (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Effective RD methods have applications in accessibility, translation or writing support systems. |
| Approach: | They propose a simple approach to RD that leverages LLMs and embedding models to obtain the most relevant word or set of words given a textual description or definition. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms baselines in well studied RD datasets while showing less overfitting. |
Human-in-the-loop Abstractive Dialogue Summarization (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Abstractive dialogue summarization systems are trained to maximize the likelihood of human-written summaries, but there is still a huge gap in generating high-quality summary as determined by humans. |
| Approach: | They propose to incorporate different levels of human feedback into the training process . they ask humans to highlight salient information to be included in summaries . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model captures human-written summaries and compares them with state-of-the-art models on multiple datasets. |
A Video Is Worth 4096 Tokens: Verbalize Videos To Understand Them In Zero Shot (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing annotated training datasets hinder development of supervised learning models for multimedia content . lack of annotating benchmarks hinders development of models with satisfactory performance . a recent study shows that large language models have zero-shot performance in multimedia understanding . |
| Approach: | They propose to verbalize long videos to generate their descriptions in natural language . they then perform video-understanding tasks on the generated story as opposed to the original video . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves better results than baselines for video understanding. |
InstructSafety: A Unified Framework for Building Multidimensional and Explainable Safety Detector through Instruction Tuning (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing safety detection systems have limitations in terms of their versatility and interpretability. |
| Approach: | They introduce a safety detection framework that unifies 7 common sub-tasks into a uniform formulation and process 39 human-annotated datasets for instruction tuning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework unifies 7 common sub-tasks into a uniform formulation and then runs on 39 human-annotated datasets to fine-tune it. |
Learning to Translate by Translating: Stabilizing the Dual Loop via Semantic-Aware Self-Evolution (2026.findings-acl)
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Kui Liu, Mingming Yin, Zuoli Tang, Zihao Li, Chilin Fu, Xiaolu Zhang, Jun Zhou, Lixin Zou, Chenliang Li
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have been successful in machine translation, but lack of high-quality parallel corpora and cost constrain scalability. |
| Approach: | They propose an LLM-driven dual-learning framework that enables autonomous translation . they employ a robust semantic-aware reward function that balances adequacy with reconstruction fidelity . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms larger models on benchmarks and achieves parity with state-of-the-art supervised baselines on mainstream benchmarks. |
Minding Language Models’ (Lack of) Theory of Mind: A Plug-and-Play Multi-Character Belief Tracker (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Empirical results show plug-and-play approach to reason about belief states of multiple characters in reading comprehension tasks is more precise and interpretable than previous approaches. |
| Approach: | They propose a plug-and-play approach to reason about the belief states of multiple characters in reading comprehension tasks via explicit symbolic representation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed algorithm improves theory of mind of off-the-shelf neural language models without supervision. |
CycleKQR: Unsupervised Bidirectional Keyword-Question Rewriting (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to query paraphrases are based on encoderdecoder architectures, but they do not support the two important functionalities beyond questions. |
| Approach: | They propose a keyword-question rewriting task to improve query understanding capabilities of NLU systems for all surface forms. |
| Outcome: | Empirically, we show that CycleKQR significantly improves QA performance by rewriting queries into the appropriate form while retaining the original semantic meaning of input queries. |
Unsupervised Argumentation Mining in Student Essays (2020.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | State-of-the-art argumentation mining systems rely on annotated training data and are supervised, thus relying on an annotation of the components and relationships between them. |
| Approach: | They propose to bootstrap from a small set of argument components automatically identified using simple heuristics in combination with reliable contextual cues. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms two supervised baselines and achieves 73.5-83.7% of the performance of a state-of-the-art neural approach. |
RD-MCSA: A Multi-Class Sentiment Analysis Approach Integrating In-Context Classification Rationales and Demonstrations (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for multi-class sentiment analysis (MCSA) are difficult due to subtle semantic differences between adjacent sentiment levels and the scarcity of high-quality annotated data. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to integrate classification rationales with adaptively selected demonstrations to enhance MCSA performance under limited supervision. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baseline and standard ICL methods on five benchmark datasets. |
BlindGuard: Safeguarding LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems under Unknown Attacks (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing supervised defense methods rely on labeled malicious agents to train a supervised model of malicious behavior. |
| Approach: | They propose an unsupervised defense method that learns without requiring any attack-specific labels or prior knowledge of malicious behaviors. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method detects diverse attack types across MAS with various communication patterns while maintaining superior generalizability compared to baselines. |
Prompt Optimization for Relation Extraction using Reinforcement Learning (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing prompt-based methods rely heavily on large-scale annotated datasets limiting their applicability in domain-specific and low-resource scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a reinforcement learning-based automated prompt optimization framework for domain relation extraction that optimizes prompt quality through interaction with a black-box LLM. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing prompt-based methods and supervised baselines on multiple extraction datasets across medical, financial, legal, and news domains. |